Dhara's assignments

Paper - 3

Assignment  Topic

Dryden’s Essay on Dramatic Poesy

Name –Bhatt  Dhara Janakkumar

Roll No -06  MA-1

Year-2010-11

Submitted To–Dr Dilip Barad

Dryden’s Essay on Dramatic Poesy

Preface:

                In 1668 Dryden published his Essay of Dramatic Poesy.

“The most elaborate and one of the most attractive and lively of Dryden’s critical works. (Atkins)”

        

                The main purpose of the Essay according to the introduction note to the Reader, is historical.

                 “To vindicate the honor of our English writer from the censure of those who injustice prefer the french before him.”

                The method of dialogue has been of great advantage to him because it has allowed him a full liberty of discussing the conflicting views without the necessity of finding a conclusion which reader is to find himself,

       

“The first speaker Crites defends the ancient; Eugenius, who like Dryden, believe in progress in arts defends the superiority of the Elizabethan English   drama  to the English and Elizabethan drama to English and Eiizabethan drama to that of the speaker, finally defends the English as opposed to the French, gives a glowing account of Jonson, Beaumont and Flather and Shakespeare,but defends the recent use of rime in plays.”(M.H.Abrams)

   Dryden’s Essay of Dramatic poesy :

              The essay begins with some preliminary discussion about literature in general and the comparative achievement of the ancient and the moderns in its various branches Eugenius then points out that it would be better if they limits themselves to one particular branch of poetry. All of them agree and crities suggest that they should confine only to Dramatic  poetry Lisideius given the definition of a play that is should be: 

“A just and lively image of humours and the of changes of fortune to which, it is changes subject for delight and instruction mankind.”

 Crites for the Ancient

         Crities undertakes to present the ancients in the beginning he says that the dramatic art had been indignenous to ancient Greece, and it had attained on early maturity there.

“Dramatic poesy had time enough rekoning early from Thespis (who first invented it ) to Aristophans, to be born ,to grow up , and to Flourish in maturity .”

        Then says that now the dramatists are not held in that high esteem in which they used to be ancient Greece ,and therefore the desire to excel has vanished .He thinks that emulation is necessary for artistic deveiopment .this accounts in some measure for the decline in drama in drama .All the rules of drama were invented by the Ancient and the English men have borrowed those rules from them .He discusses at some length the merit of the Three Unities of time ,place and action. When judged by these rules modern play fail Finally he urges that ancient had possessed the power of expression in a superlative degree.

        “But if we allow the Ancient have contrived well .we must acknowledge them to have written better”

                This he proves by reference paid to them by Ben Jonson

“He was not only a professed imitator of Horace , but a learned plagiary of all the other ; you track him every where in their snow.”

Eugenius for the moderns

                Eugenius was listening to the argument of crites  rather impatiently and now he speaks in the favour of modern have profied by rules of ancient but he also feels that they have actually improved on the works of ancient in many respect. The first thing of the superior construction of play by its division in five acts.

                He also finds fault with the poet of ancient play. Their tragedies were mostly based on hackneyed tales of thebes and troy.

“That before it come upon the stage,it was already known to all the audience .”

                In comedies also their characters were to (criticism) certain stock types only, and their was no novelty in them.

“These are plots built after the Italian mode of houses ,you see though them all at once; the character are indeed the imitation of nature ,but so narrow ,as if they had imitated only an eye or a they had imitates only an eye or a hand ,and did not dare to venture on the lines of a face or the proportion of a body.”

                  

                   The modern dramastists are syperior to the ancient in the fact that they can write both tragedies and comedies equally well .The ancients wrote either the one or that is the absence of love scences
"For love sennces you will find few among them  their tragic poets dealt not with that you will find few among them; their poets dealt not with that soft patients, but with lust, cruelly revenge, ambition and those bloody action they produced which were more capable of rising horror than compassion in an audience."

 The discussion in brought to a close by critics who says that the modern dramatists have not only excelled the ancient, they have  deferred from them. He however makes the confession that had they lived in later times they would doubtless made many changes .

LESIDEIUS : FOR THE FRENCH DRAMA :

                Lesideius admits to begin with that English plays of 40 years back clearly surpassed  those of the French but for the last 14 years .The Franch aids by Richelieu and Corneille have reformed their stage and improved the drama so much that it has now become unrivalled in Europe. In the first places, he points out, contempary French dramatists have scrupulously observed the three unites.

                They have been scrupulous in following the unity of place by limiting the action to only one place where it is supposed to have begun. The real time in their plays never exceed 30 hours.They have been more scrupulous in observing the unity of Action. There are on  underplots and subplots in their plays. They do not write tragi comedies, the most absurb thing invented by the English dramatists.
" There is no theate in the world has any thing so absurb as the English tragic comedy; its drama of invention, and the fashion of it is enough to proclaim it so; here is course of mirth, there another of sadness and pations, and third honour and a dual: thus two hours and a half, we run through all the fifts of badlums."

                Then the French dramatics have based the plots their of their tragdies and familiar history, and have modified transformed it for drametics purposes.

          " He so interweaves truth with probable fiction, that he puts a pleasing of fallacy upon us;mends the intriguse of fate, and dispenses with serverity of history, to raward that virtue which has been rendered to us there unfortunate." 

       Even the historical tragedies of  Shakespeare cannot stans comparion with bacause they (the history tragdies of shakespeare.)

“Are rather so many chronicles of kings, or the the business many times of thirty of forty years, cramped into a representation of two hours and a representation of two hours and a half."

        

                They select only those significant parts of an action which produce the unity of effect .They, in this way, achieve greater feedom for the treatment of emotions and passions. They make only the one character,  the hero ,important and central in the play .He alone commands out attention .Then their narration is superior .There are many incidents in a story which cannot properly reprented  on the stege ,such as dules ,battles and sense of cruely, and it is better to relate them as a the French dramatists have done .

The English plays are faulty from this points of view and a death scene in it often the most comic part The French plays never

“End with a conversion or simple changes of will”

                The English plays are faulty from this poits of views with  and a death sene conversions .he praise the French plays for their beauty of rhyme .He prefers rhyme to blanks verse for written tragedies.

Neander ‘s vinidication of English Drama

                The last man Neander  now takes up the challenge and attempt what was the main object of the Essay .namely ,a vinicadition  of English drama .

                In the beginning he admits that the French  plays are very regular. They observe decoram and the like but a play has been described as a “ lively imitation of Nature”  and judging from this point of view, he finds them defective in many respects.

                He then defence the English practice of writing tragic comedies. He does not approved of regid of separation of tragic and comic elements in french plays and think that. It is possible for us to enjoy tragic and comic scene together. The old rule of logic might have convinced him, the contries, when plays near, set off each other.

                He does not admire the bearness and servirity of the Frech plays in excluding underplots and minor episods. He thinks that such a details add a pleasing variety to a play if they contribute to its main design.

                He praises the English plays from this point of view futuralmore he does not agree with the arguments that regid observance of the unity of action gives apportunity for impassioned appeals because such appeals consists of a long declamatory speeches,which tire and bore the English audience who come to see play primarily for amusement. He approves of the brief atterance to express deepemotions graces, passions.

“As for comedy, repartee is one of its chiefest graces, the greatest pleasure of the audience is a chase of wit, keep up on both sides, and swiftly managed”

                   Neander praises the French use of narrative in order to despense with scene of violence. But he think such scene are part of  English tradition and people some how and delight by these things:

                He does not justify the rigid adherence of the French dramatist to the three unities and think that it has been fatal to many artistic effects.

                These qualities from the works of standing English dramatists.

Appereciation of Shakespeare:

                He then expresses his view on Shakespeare in the words of Atkins,

“Neanders well known judgment on Shakespeare, to begin with, has since attend classic rank and this by reason of its keen insight, its suggestive and happy expression”

                About Shakespeare, he says;

“He was the man who of all modern and perhaps ancient poets, had the largest and most compressive soul. All images of nature were still present to him and he drew them not anything, you more than see it, you feel it to. Those who accuse him to have wanted learning, give him the greater commendation; he was naturally learned; he needed not the spectacles of books to read nature; he looked inwards, and found her there. I cannot say he is everywhere a like where he so. I should not do him injury to compare him with the greatest of mankind . he is many times into clenches, his serious swelling when some great occansion is presented to him”

Appreciation of Beaumont and Flether:

                About Beaumont and Flether he says that “the advantage of Shakespeare’s wit” and their natural gifts were improved by study. He says:

“There plots were generally more regular than Shakespeare’s especially, those which were made before Beaumont’s death and they understood and imitated conversation of gentleman much better, whose wild bebaucheries and quickness of wit in repartee, no poets before them could point as they done”

                Their plays are now the most pleasant and frequently entertainment of the stage to theirs being acted through the years for one reason is, because there is a certain gaiety in their more serious plays which suit generally with all men’s humors Shakespeare’s language is like wise a little obsolete and  Ben.

Dryden’s view on Benjohnson:

                On Ben Johnson, he has more to say regards him as
“ The most learnt and judicious writers any theater ever had”

                   He had wit in abundance and rather frugal of it. He made the drama most artistic again he says:

“You seldom find him making love in any of his scenes endeavoring to move the passions, his genius was to sullen and saturnine to do it gracefully. He was deeply conversant in ancients, both Greek and Latin and he borrowed badly from them. He invades authors like a monarch; and would be felt in other poets, is only victory in him”

                He makes a companion between Johnson and Shakespeare and says  :

“ If I would compare him with Shakespeare, I must acknowledge him more correct poet, but Shakespeare the greatest wit. Shakespeare was the father of our dramatic poets: Johnson was the Virgil of the pattern of elaborate writing. I admire him but I love
Shakespeare”

                Atkin’s comments;

“Most significant of all however, is neander’s last word on their respective merits, Johnson he declares I admire, but I love Shakespeare, and here judgment is pronounced not in accordance with rules of technical excellence, but in the light of the general impression and of the emotional appeal to the whole man”

Conclusion:

                Ben Jonson  remarks on Dryden's Eassy of Dramatic poesy ,he says that,

“To concludes of him as he has given us the most correct plays, so in the precepts which he had laid down in his discoveries, we have as many and profitable rules for perfecting the stage as anywhere which the French can furnish us”

Dhara's assignments

Paper - 5

Assignment  Topic

Mother Corage and Her Children

 

Name –Bhatt  Dhara Janakkumar

Roll No -06  MA-1

Year-2010-11

Submitted To–JaySir

Mother Corage and Her Children

       

Preface:

        Brecht states in the courage model book that the play conceive of war as

 

“continution of business some by means”

        War is neither some supernatural force nor simply a rupture in civilization but one of civilization‘s precondition and logical consequences. Mother courage is the play’s primary small businesswomen, parasitically living off of the war with her canteen wagon .As the model book observes the

“Big profit are not made by little people”

        Courage ‘s commitment to the business of  war  will cost her children ,the war taking back for what it has provided her in flash. 

A Complex Personality; and our Mixed Reaction to her:

       

        Mother Courage  is one of the best known character in modern European drama .Whatever Brecht’s own intention in portraying this itself creates in our minds the image of a formidable women possessing several admirable qualities though also suffering from  certain faults and  weaknesses. The contradictions in her perfectly understandable; and in fact. This contradiction   in her perfectly understandable; and in fact, these contradictions renders her all the more convincing our reaction to Brecht’s portrayal  of this woman is not only one of sympathy with her but  also one of the certain dislike of her.

        This woman has a complex character. In other words, she is many. Sides personality. She is not a simple kind of woman whose character can be summed up   in one or one phrase .Mother courage is it borrow a phrase from Walter Benjamin , the play’s “untragic heroin “. Her children can certainly be summed up character is a compound of several traits .

Her Bold, almost defiant manner of speaking:

       

        Mother courage is a bold women .who speaks to the recruiting officer and the sergeant in defiant ,almost  challenging  manner to  prevent  them from recruiting her sons in the army .she goes to the extent of pulling out her knife and threatening  to attack them if they go ahead with their plan she recruit her sons .Subsequently she often speaks in a curt and even haughty manner to catholic as well as protestant manner army  officers ,regarding  of the side to which they belong she has an elastic nature and can add part herself to changes in her circumstances.

A shrewd But Not an expert Business Women:

       

        Mother Courage is shrewd business and also a hard bargainer .she shows this trait of her character in the manner in which she haggled over the price of the capon which .she wishes to sell to the Swedish commander’s cook ; and later snatches  away a  fur coat from a soldier who has no cash to pay to her the brandy which ,he has drunk at the counter. In managing her canteen – business , she is all the worrying about the rise and fail in prices .And yet we cannot say that she is an expert business women because she is always seeking advice from others whether to dispose of her merchandise or to add to it .She consult the chaplain and later the cook about the course of action which she should adopt in this matter.

A    practical  women with a strong common sense:

       

        Mother courage has a strong and sturdy common sense .she is practical women who,  harbors   no illusion or false hopes .she knows that people that is why in opening  scene ,she being enlisted in the army she needs her sons for running her only source of livelihood . Later in the play ,she rejects the chaplain ‘s proposal to her because the chaplain does not attract her as a would be husband . still later  ,she agrees to accompany to cook to his native town of Utrecht because now it suits her to settle down to  comfortable kind of existence and to bid good bye to her traveling canteen business .she is now willing to ignore the cook’s past misdeeds because she thinks that she can handle him .Even both the chaplain and the cook that she would like them to behave towards her decently and that she could handle them both if they misbehaved.

The Basic Contradiction in Her character:

       

        The chief contradiction in the character  of Mother Courage is her advocacy of war and ,at the same time her opposition to was ,very often she expresses a strong desire for the continuance of this war ,but something,she also expresses a hatred of this war.

        When for instance the war has stopped because of sudden death of king Gustavas, she deplored the fact and tells the cook that the return of pence has “broken her neck “. She lament the end of war because now she would suffer a heavy loss as a result of decline in princes, and she may even loss her means of livelihood because it is only during the war that her canteen business, which caters only to the soldiers, can be carried on. It is because she disproved of the return of peace and express a strong preference for the war that the chaplain calls her “A hyena of the battlefield”

        And yet is it at this wary point that, replying to the chaplain ,she says :

                   

“There isn’t much love lost between me and the war”

        Meaning that she hates the war ; and she then goes on to tell him that she can no longer keep company with because he has called her a hyena of the battle field.

        All this clearly shows that she support the war and continuous because she can make a living by the sale of her good to the because the end of the war would mean the end of the canteen business. Her desire for continuous of the war only shows desire for her  own and her dumb daughter’s survival.

        Apart from being a mean of livelihood for her and her dumb daughter, the war is something which she detests and hate. There is one speech which clearly and unambiguously shows her hatred of war; and she makes that speech just after her daughter Kathrin been attacked and wounded by drunken soldier.

        In that speech she says that the movement of her daughter having been wounded upon her eye is a hioric movement to her because her daughter now never gets a husband.

        Even the Kathrin’s dumbness, she says that, was the result of the war because a soldiers had trust something into her mouth when she was little child. And then she adds the following words which almost break our heart.

“I will not see Swiss again and where my filif is the good  lords knows , curse the war.”

        In this connection we might refer to the song in which she says that the war is a business proposition and in which she also says that the soldiers who digs a whole to creep into it finds that he has dug only a grace for himself.

As self sacrificing kind of Mother:

       

        More than anything else Mother courage is a mother .Her love for her children is boundless .It will be utterly wrong to say that ,she loves money above her children ,or that she is merchant ,first and a mother afterward .

        She decide to sacrifice the very means of her own survival in order to save her son’s life .It is true that she wavers so much in coming to this decision that Swiss cheese is executed before her decision can be carried into effect ;but that is just her had luck and not unwillingness to make the sacrifice.

        After all ,she was thinking of kattrin to while coming to decision and indeed we cannot ignore her constant solicitude about the welfare of the dumb kattrin with what delicacy and affection does she tend kattrin when the unfortunately girl  has receive a bad wound over the eye !But the supreme moment of Mother Courage’s spirit of self sacrifice  comes when she decide not to go with cook to Utrecht but to stay with her daughter kattrin.

Her callousness  on one Occasion certainly a Fault :

       

        In the scene in which she refuses to give some linen away to be used for bandages when a number of protestants have been wounded in a catholic attack ,she certainly appears something of a hyena .

        The callousness in her is definitely a flaw in her character and we are not prepared to make light of it ,But this flaw shows that she is a human being after All .At the same time we should guard against calling her a monster on the basic of this fault in her.

Her Sense of humour ; Her wit and capacity for sarcasm:

       

        She has a strong sense of humor,and she has also the capacity to makes witty and sarcastic remarks .she can hold her own in a conversation ,no matter to  the whom she is talking .she shows this quality in opening scene when she has to deal with a recruiting officer and a sergeant who are of course ,close allies against her.

        When the cook ,feeling irritated ,says that she is opposing him tooth and nail ,she replies

“Don’t tell me you have been dreaming of my teeth and nails “

        Here is a part of that speech

“For weeks on end ,no grub Then when they get some by way of plunder ,they jump on top of the women folk”.

        What Mother Courage here means to say is that the soldier ,who have been starving ;not only plunder a town for food but also rape the women folk of the town.

A Tragic Figure Because of Her Spirit of Endurance :

       

        Mother courage deserves our admiration for all misfortunes .She does not collapse ,and she does not give way to despair .In the final scene of the play ,after she has lost her dumb daughter ,she yet has enough spirit left n her to be able to start her business afresh .She hardnesses herself to the wagon and get ready for the coming ordeals of her life .

        Mother courage is indeed a women of courage ; and This courage and the spirit of endurance which goes with it ,raise her for above average womanhood.

        At the end ,she strikes us a tragic figure because of her heroic endurance of her misfortunes ; and now her support of the war or her advocacy of the war can also be seen by us in the proper perceptive. The end we find her once more hoping to earn her livelihood from the continuance of the war .

Conclusion :

       

        Mother courage would impel its spectators to oppose war. We have no hesitations in affirming that Brecht’s own intentions regard to portrayal of Mother courage have not been fulfilled .We have understood the figure of Mother courage ; and she arouses not only our sympathy but also empathy on most occasion in the play.

Dhara's assignments

Paper – 4

 Assignment  Topic

 Gulliver’s Travels as an allegory

Name –Bhatt  Dhara Janakkumar

Roll No -06   MA-1

Year-2010-11

Submitted To–Ruchira madam

 

Gulliver’s Travels as an allegory

Preface: 

        Jonathan swift’s Gulliver's Travels is not merely the story of  Gulliver’s visit to the four islands but it tells something more some critics interpret the work as a political satire and also an allegory.

        An allegory is story in which double meaning run parallel throughout the text and the verbal meaning or the surface meaning is not enough for the appreciation of the work on hand.

The Desirability of Having a Historical Personality in one‘s mind:

        Gulliver’s travels contain a large number of allegories to contempary   political personality and events swift said,

“In describing the virtues and vices of mankind, it is convenient to have some eminent person in our eyes; from hence we copy our description”.

          Swift admitted that method of writing had a

“Though the present age may understand well enough the title hints we give the parallels we drew ,and the character we describe , yet this will all be lost to the text”

          Gulliver’s Travels was  most probably written during the period 1720-1725.Political allegory in this book are to the events of the end of queen Anne’s reign and to events during the reign of George-I.

England in the Disguise of Lilliput in part I of the Book :

        Reference to public events and public personality are most frequently in parts I and III of Gulliver’s Travels. The voyage to Lilliput in part I of the book contains the story of Gulliver’s shipwreck and his early adventures among the pigmies.  A Lilliputian lord tells Gulliver.

“We labor under two mighty evils a violent faction of home and danger of an invasion by a most potent enemy from abroad”.

        The Lilliputian lord goes on to refer to the two struggling parties, one party distinguished by its high heeled shoes the other by its low heeled shoes. The reference obviously is to the high church and law church parties or the Tories and the Whigs.

        The story of Gulliver’s first voyage becomes a kind of political allegory. The Emperor of Lilliput would in that case be a portrayal of George I who is a supporter of the Whigs by his determination to make use of only law heels in the administration of government ,and himself wearing heels lower than any member of his court.

        Finally, swift adds an ironical passage on the leniency and mercy of the execution which had taken place after the rebellion in 1715, and the précis of King George’s mercy which the government had published.

The Allegorical meaning of the Express’s annoyance with Gulliver:

        The incident of Gulliver’s extinguishing a fire in the apartment of the Lilliputian Empress relates to the circumstances in Swift’s own life. The Lilliputian Empress was filled with resentment at Gulliver’s action in extinguishing the fire by urinating upon it, and she decides never again to make use of use of that apartment.

        This incident is an allegorical representative of the fact that queen Anne was disguised with Swift’s ‘A Tale of Tub ‘, in spite of swift’s political service ,she could never be prevail upon to promote swift to a higher office in the church.

        Swift names of the Duchess of somerset ,the Archbishop of  York ,the Earl of Nottingham ,and Robert Walpole as his enemies.

Bolingbroke in Swift’s Mind:

        Another statesman who figures in Gulliver ‘s account of the circumstances and condition prevailing in Lilliput is Bolingbroke .Bolingbroke was very much in Swift’s mind in 1719 and 1720.

The Silken Thread in Lilliputian Symbolic of English Distinction:

        Then  there is the custom in Lilliput of awarding Silken threads of green ,red and blue colour agility in leaping over or creeping under a stick.

        The blue thread represents the order of the Garter which was bestowed on Walpole himself in 1726 ,after Which He become known to satirists by the title of  Sir Blue String.

Contemporary Allusion in the voyage to Brobdingnag:

        In the voyage to Brobdingnag there are n reference to actual Contemporary politics are only general .Some of the Institution and customs of Brobdingnag ara briefly described and praised ;for instance ,the brevity of the laws ,the cultivation of useful knowledge  rather than the simplicity of literary style in fashion .

        Gulliver has to admit that the working of the parliamentary government is vitiated by the method of selecting peer ,bishops and members of the House of common so that ,as that king points out , the original idea of the institution is,

“blurred and blotter by corruption “

The king of Brobdingnag as Swift’s Mouth piece on contempory topics :

             On most questions the king is not merely the mouthpiece of the Tory party but Swift and the opinion the king expresses are those which swift already stated in his pamphlets .

        Swift ‘s condemnation of gambling his complaint of  the neglected education of the upper classes , his theory of the best way of treating Dissenters and rooted animosity to lawyers ,all find expression of his letter  finds an epigrammatic opportunity crowd around the carriage and present .

“the most horrible show that while swift was entirely wrapped up in English political ,when he wrote part II of the book, Irish social condition were begging to occupy his thoughts when Part II was written “.

Part-II

Allegory  to political personality and Event :

        The book is stuffed with personal literary .and political allegory .On every page there are more or less abstruse reference which had a special meaning for the reader of Swift’s own time .For instance in part I. Lilliput and its diminutive people represent England ; Blefuscu is France ; Flimanp , the Treasurer , is Swift’s old enemy sir Robert Wa lpole   ,whereas Gulliver.

        It is now argued that incident represents the stopping of the terrible war against France by  unavoidable method , however deplorable those method might have been expression by the king in the following words;

“Whenever could make two ears of corn or two the blades of grass to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before ‘would do more essential service to his country than the whole race of politicians put together”

        At the back of swift’s mind there is always the thought of Ireland .In a letter written in 1732,he made his meaning still clear .In that letters he wrote ;

“There is not an acre of land in Ireland turned to half its advantage ,yet It is better improved than the people ; and all these evils are effects of English tyranny ,so your sons and grand children will find it to their sorrow.”

 The Allusion to Dublin Begger:              

        Gulliver’s visit to the capital of Brobdingnage .As the carriage ,in which he and his nurse are being conveyed ,stops at a shop, the begger who were waiting for and.

Not Essentiai to know conditions in the 18^th century;

        Gulliver ‘s Travels ,it not essential to have social circumstances of the times of queen Anne. A knowledge of the political and social condition in some of the countries in the twentieth century would be enough to understand swift’s portrayal in Gulliver’s Travels of the various aspects of life in the eighteenth century.

                                   

Part III

Scientific allegory in part III :

        The scientific projects described in part III show Swift’s acquaintance  with a large variety of current projects and experiment and with the work of the members   of  the  royal society ,while the flying island owes something both to Gilbert’s theories of magnetism and the contempory  discussion arising in connection with Halley’s comet .

Political personalities in part I

        There are recongnizable elements of political allegory present in both part I and III, the allusion being to people and events in the England of Queen Anne and king George I

The neighboring kingdom of Blafuscu –is a thinly –veiled allegory of Bolingbroke’s fate subsequent to Queen ‘s death .It is also clear that Bolgolam points to the Earl of Nottingham and Flimnap to Walpole ,while Reldreasal  represents Charles .Viscount Townshend ,who succeded   Bolingbroke as Secretary of state .

Political Events in part I

        The fire in the Queen’s palace represents the war of Spanish successions ,and Gulliver ‘s extinguishing of it is the peace negotiated by Bolingbroke and oxford.

        The articles of impeachment draws up against Gulliver’s represent the charges made against oxford and Bolingbroke after the Queen ‘s death.

The political Allegory in part III

        The allegory of part I seems to have been carried forward in part III into the reign of George in I and to shadow forth the lamentable state of affairs brought to pass by the whigs.

        The character of Munodi was probably created with oxford in mind ,and the abandoned mill on his estate is very likely a symbol of south sea enterprise, established under oxford but going down to ruin under the whigs in 1720.